人工智慧
742026-03-29

科技應運而生讓我們免於痛苦？抄襲到底有多糟？

從古羅馬到人工智慧時代，人們一直珍惜原創性，但影響結束和抄襲開始之間的界線向來模糊不清。



想讓文章更人性化嗎？我可以晚點過來，帶幾瓶啤酒，咱們可以好好「人性化」一下。如今，考慮到事關重大，這誘惑實在難以抗拒。對於那些已經求助於 ChatGPT 代寫論文、苦於無助的學生來說，「人性化工具」是一種人工智慧工具，它能將已生成的文章進行進一步的數位化處理，使其聽起來像是出自真人之手。提供此類工具的公司包括 StealthWriter、HIX AI 和 QuillBot。 （如果納博科夫寫科幻小說，他筆下的反派角色大概就叫 Quillbot。）任何曾經把一大堆土豆泥抹上黃油、用攪拌機攪成泥的人都會明白：誰也不想吃到有疙瘩的土豆泥。

我覺得這些「人性化」人士最迷人的地方在於他們的人性——也就是說，他們以一種輕鬆坦率的態度，認定我們作為墮落的生物，除了作弊別無選擇。我們不僅無法獨立思考，也無法獨立寫作；我們甚至根本無法自救，所以科技應運而生，讓我們免於痛苦。至於我們一開始就應該放棄人工智慧，轉而依靠自身的智慧，甚至認為這種自給自足對我們有益的想法，那就別想了。這就像建議我們學習騎高輪自行車，一邊騎車一邊呼吸著路邊樹籬的芬芳一樣荒謬。

在這個令人頭痛的新興領域，最棘手的問題之一在於人工智慧與抄襲之間的關係。鑑於人工智慧會像那些用加重漁網在海底搜尋蝦子和比目魚的拖網漁船一樣，蒐集海量的網路數據，完全無視自然棲息地，因此可以說兩者幾乎等同。聊天機器人並非（或目前還不是）個體，因此不承擔任何道德責任，但獲取其提供的資訊並將其冒充為自己的作品，則可能被視為處理贓物。至少，這種觀點在美國一些較為嚴謹的大學中佔據主導地位。我所見過的最有力的反面例子是聖何塞州立大學，該校馬丁·路德·金圖書館提供的建議非常明確：“無論你使用哪種人工智能程序/軟體，用它們來撰寫論文都被視為一種剽竊行為。”

羅傑·克魯茲在他那本名為《驚人相似》（劍橋大學出版社）的輕鬆幽默的新書中探討了剽竊的本質、過去和未來發展方向等問題。他將剽竊定義為「未經授權或補償而故意挪用他人的文字和思想」。文字和思想？這可真是一大堆東西。而且，正如克魯茲提出的那個問題，究竟有多少文字？或者，更確切地說，有多少音符？他舉了一個奇特的例子：1963年，當The Chiffons樂團在她們的熱門歌曲《He’s So Fine》（羅尼·麥克創作）的開頭，以一個簡單的下行音符演唱時，幾乎沒有聽眾預料到，這三個音符會成為一場法律糾紛的核心，而這場糾紛荒謬地直到1998年才得以解決。爭議的焦點在於，喬治·哈里森在1970年演唱的同名歌曲《My Sweet Lord》中唱到“My Sweet Lord”這幾個字時，究竟是在回憶、借鑒、剽竊、無意中迴響，還是無意中模仿了麥克的旋律。儘管兩首歌在氛圍上截然不同——這位前披頭士成員還在和聲中加入了“哈瑞奎師那”的吟唱——但這都無關緊要。在受害者看來，超凡脫俗的竊賊仍然是竊賊。

原文摘自 紐約客The New Yorker How Bad Is Plagiarism, Really?

考 博睿

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