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MIT研究指出：AI越用人越笨？T研究揭83%生秒忘光

麻省理工學院(MIT)最新研究指出，使用ChatGPT撰寫文章將大幅降低大腦活絡程度，並可能損害長期學習與批判性思維能力。

重點一：麻省理工學院（MIT）最新研究指出，使用ChatGPT寫文章將大幅降低大腦活絡程度，並可能損害長期學習與批判性思維能力。
重點二：研究發現，相較於僅用大腦或Google搜尋的使用者， ChatGPT使用者的大腦投入程度最低，文章缺乏原創性，並逐漸產生依賴性。
重點三：研究主要作者擔憂AI對發育中大腦的潛在危害，呼籲在政策制定前應審慎評估，並對相關工具進行更嚴謹的測試。

麻省理工學院（MIT）媒體實驗室 (MIT’s Media Lab) 一項最新研究顯示，使用如ChatGPT等大型語言模型（LLMs）輔助撰寫文章，不僅會顯著降低大腦的神經活動，更可能對使用者的批判性思維、記憶整合與學習能力造成長期損害。

研究結果主張，過度依賴ChatGPT從事生產力行為（例如寫作），可能累積所謂「認知債務」(cognitive debt)，亦即短期很便利，卻導致長期學習能力的受損，可以說是以未來的思考能力，換取眼前的輕鬆效率。

依賴ChatGPT真的會變笨？實驗看看就知道

隨著ChatGPT等生成式AI工具迅速普及，越來越多學生在寫作與學習中依賴這類大型語言模型（LLM）提供協助。但這種便利是否會以認知能力退化為代價？

為了回答這個問題，該研究招募了54名成人參與者（平均年齡22.9歲），全部來自波士頓地區五所知名大學：MIT、韋爾斯利學院、哈佛大學、塔夫茨大學和東北大學。參與者被隨機分配到三個實驗組別，並在年齡和性別方面保持平衡分布。

實驗設計採用組間比較的方式，三個組別分別為：
LLM組：僅能使用OpenAI的GPT-4o作為資訊來源
搜尋引擎組：可使用任何網站但禁止使用LLM工具）
純腦力組：禁止使用任何外部工具或網站

每位參與者需在四個月內完成多場Essay寫作任務。前三個任務中，各組維持各自的工具使用條件不變；第四場寫作（Session 4）則是「角色互換」突襲實驗：原LLM組的成員被要求在無任何AI協助下寫作（LLM-to-Brain組），而原大腦組的成員則嘗試改用ChatGPT輔助寫作（Brain-to-LLM組）。

實驗中，參與者須佩戴腦電圖（EEG）頭戴設備進行寫作任務，研究團隊以此記錄大腦不同區域在寫作時的活動連結情形。透過腦波數據，團隊能夠比較使用不同工具寫作時，大腦神經連接和認知負荷的差異。


實驗中，參與者須佩戴腦電圖（EEG）頭戴設備進行寫作任務。圖／ MIT

大腦活動顯著差異：LLM組在「重現文章」上表現最差

研究最引人注目的發現之一，是各組在記憶和引用能力方面的巨大差異。在實驗中， LLM組有83.3%的參與者（15/18）無法提供正確的引用，而搜尋引擎組和純腦力組僅有11.1%（2/18）的參與者遇到同樣困難。

更令人擔憂的是， LLM組沒有任何參與者（0/18）能夠產生正確的引用，而搜尋引擎組僅有3名參與者失敗，純腦力組僅有2名參與者失敗。 這種模式在後續實驗階段持續存在，顯示LLM使用對記憶編碼和檢索能力的持續性負面影響。

研究指出 ，僅憑大腦思考的組別，其腦電圖在與創造力、記憶負荷及語義處理相關的α、θ和δ波段上，均顯示出最強的神經連接性，在寫作過程中表現出更高的參與度、好奇心，並對自己的作品有著更高的滿意度與認同感 ；使用Google搜尋的組別，其大腦活動與滿意度也同樣維持在高水平。

至於ChatGPT組，其大腦活動顯示出較低的執行控制與注意力，所產出的文章被英文教師評為「缺乏靈魂」，內容與觀點高度雷同。 此外，當研究人員要求受試者在不使用工具的情況下重寫先前的文章時，ChatGPT組成員對自己寫過的內容記憶甚少。

首席作者娜塔莉亞·科斯米納 (Nataliya Kosmyna) 指出： 「任務看似高效地完成了，但實際上，你幾乎沒將任何資訊整合進自己的記憶中。」

研究人員籲：正視AI對大腦發展的潛在危害

綜合整項研究帶來的洞察是： 長期依賴AI工具進行學習和創作，將逐漸削弱學習者的主動認知參與、記憶形成、語言整合運用能力，以及對學習成果的歸屬感。

這種隱性的負面影響被研究團隊稱為「認知債務」，即透支未來的思考能力來換取當下的省力便利。如同過度依賴導航會讓人迷失方向感， 頻繁依賴ChatGPT等AI，相當於把思考這項核心能力外包出去，短期看似提高效率，但長期可能侵蝕創造力、批判思維和深度學習能力。

要特別說明的是，這項研究並非全盤否定AI在學習上的價值，而是提醒在擁抱AI便利的同時，要警惕其潛在的「副作用」。研究團隊呼籲教育工作者和科技公司， 在開發和使用AI學習工具時，需要更深入地探究AI在學習中的角色，尋找讓AI輔助而不取代人類思考的方法。

本文摘自 數位時代 越用AI人越笨？MIT研究揭83%學生「作業內容秒忘光」：什麼是認知債務？用AI錯了嗎？

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